African-American History: Most Popular Articles
These articles are the most popular over the last month.
The Murder of Emmett Till
Fourteen-year-old Chicago resident Emmett Till had little knowledge about the ways of the South. Consequently, when he spoke to a white female grocery clerk in Mississippi, Emmett Till was unable to see that this act had put his life in serious jeopardy. A few days later he was murdered.
Fourteen-year-old Chicago resident Emmett Till had little knowledge about the ways of the South. Consequently, when he spoke to a white female grocery clerk in Mississippi, Emmett Till was unable to see that this act had put his life in serious jeopardy. A few days later he was murdered.
The History of Blues Music
From blues music came great artists such as Muddy Waters, John Lee Hooker, Buddy Guy, Bessie Smith and others. But the blues might never have been created if it had not been for the influence of hollers, calls, and the changes that occurred in the lives of blacks. It combined the styles of the past with a new type of song. The popularity of the blues marked a new era for black music.
From blues music came great artists such as Muddy Waters, John Lee Hooker, Buddy Guy, Bessie Smith and others. But the blues might never have been created if it had not been for the influence of hollers, calls, and the changes that occurred in the lives of blacks. It combined the styles of the past with a new type of song. The popularity of the blues marked a new era for black music.
Quotes by African Americans
Looking for quotes? Check out this collection of quotes by African Americans.
Looking for quotes? Check out this collection of quotes by African Americans.
Muhammad Ali Training
A photo collection of Muhammad Ali.
A photo collection of Muhammad Ali.
The Reconstruction Era
After the Civil War ended, the period of Reconstruction in the South brought great hope for change. For over ten years gains were made: schools were created, teachers were trained, and black politicians were elected into office. As quickly as these gains came, however, they vanished after southern whites took back political power.
After the Civil War ended, the period of Reconstruction in the South brought great hope for change. For over ten years gains were made: schools were created, teachers were trained, and black politicians were elected into office. As quickly as these gains came, however, they vanished after southern whites took back political power.
The Black Codes of 1865
The Black Codes of 1865 turned out to be a unique way for white southerners to attempt to maintain the way of life they had known prior to the Civil War. While freedom had been won, ex-slaves were restricted and opportunities were limited.
The Black Codes of 1865 turned out to be a unique way for white southerners to attempt to maintain the way of life they had known prior to the Civil War. While freedom had been won, ex-slaves were restricted and opportunities were limited.
Ku Klux Klan
A secret paramilitary white supremacist organization, the Ku Klux Klan at various times in American history terrorized blacks and white sympathizers with violent acts of lynching, shootings, and whippings.
A secret paramilitary white supremacist organization, the Ku Klux Klan at various times in American history terrorized blacks and white sympathizers with violent acts of lynching, shootings, and whippings.
The Middle Passage
During the Middle Passage, the slave journey to the Americas, African slaves had to endure grueling conditions as they traveled to an unknown fate. They slept below the deck on un-sanded plank floors that had only 18 inches of headroom and no fresh air or light. Amazingly, most slaves survived this taxing journey only to face a lifetime of forced servitude.
During the Middle Passage, the slave journey to the Americas, African slaves had to endure grueling conditions as they traveled to an unknown fate. They slept below the deck on un-sanded plank floors that had only 18 inches of headroom and no fresh air or light. Amazingly, most slaves survived this taxing journey only to face a lifetime of forced servitude.
Muhammad Ali Fighting Leon Spinks
A photo collection of Muhammad Ali.
A photo collection of Muhammad Ali.
Emmett Till & his Mother
Emmett Till and his mother Mamie Bradley.
Emmett Till and his mother Mamie Bradley.
Execution of Black Soldier
A photograph of the execution of a black civil war soldier.
A photograph of the execution of a black civil war soldier.
Nat Turner's Rebellion
To the white residents of Southampton County, it came as a surprise that a slave named Nat Turner was the leader of a slave rebellion that resulted in the deaths of 55 white people. This rebellion, which Turner believed was directed by God, became one of the most famous slave insurrections in U.S. history.
To the white residents of Southampton County, it came as a surprise that a slave named Nat Turner was the leader of a slave rebellion that resulted in the deaths of 55 white people. This rebellion, which Turner believed was directed by God, became one of the most famous slave insurrections in U.S. history.
The Life of Frederick Douglass
Born a slave, yet determined to be free, Frederick Douglass escaped from slavery and became one of the most influential figures of the 19th century. He became a powerful speaker in the anti-slavery circuit, an author, an advocate for women’s rights, and held several government positions after the Civil War.
Born a slave, yet determined to be free, Frederick Douglass escaped from slavery and became one of the most influential figures of the 19th century. He became a powerful speaker in the anti-slavery circuit, an author, an advocate for women’s rights, and held several government positions after the Civil War.
Ain't I A Woman?
Sojourner Truth delivered this famous speech at the Women's Convention in Akron, Ohio, in 1851. Learn the details about the controversy over whether she actually recited the well-known phrase, "Ain't I a Woman?” Plus, read the text of the speech.
Sojourner Truth delivered this famous speech at the Women's Convention in Akron, Ohio, in 1851. Learn the details about the controversy over whether she actually recited the well-known phrase, "Ain't I a Woman?” Plus, read the text of the speech.
Creation of the Jim Crow South
In the South, during the 1870s and 1880s, it was not uncommon for blacks and whites to use the same public facilities. However, Supreme Court decisions began to strip away the gains of Reconstruction, which led the way to the creation of Jim Crow laws.
In the South, during the 1870s and 1880s, it was not uncommon for blacks and whites to use the same public facilities. However, Supreme Court decisions began to strip away the gains of Reconstruction, which led the way to the creation of Jim Crow laws.
Martin Luther King Jr.
Intelligent, dedicated, charismatic, and religious, Martin Luther King Jr. had what it took to inspire the conscience of the American public. He appealed to the moral sense of Americans, and after years of leading civil rights activists in nonviolent protest and direct action, his leadership helped to desegregate the South.
Intelligent, dedicated, charismatic, and religious, Martin Luther King Jr. had what it took to inspire the conscience of the American public. He appealed to the moral sense of Americans, and after years of leading civil rights activists in nonviolent protest and direct action, his leadership helped to desegregate the South.
Civil Rights Movement Timeline
Looking for a comprehensive look at the civil rights movement? Check out this timeline of the important milestones that occurred during the civil rights movement.
Looking for a comprehensive look at the civil rights movement? Check out this timeline of the important milestones that occurred during the civil rights movement.
MLK on Nonviolent Resistance
During the civil rights movement, Martin Luther King Jr. captured the attention of the nation with his philosophy and commitment to the method of nonviolent resistance. According to Dr. King, this was the only solution that could cure society’s evil and create a just society. Take a look at Martin Luther King’s philosophy on nonviolent resistance.
During the civil rights movement, Martin Luther King Jr. captured the attention of the nation with his philosophy and commitment to the method of nonviolent resistance. According to Dr. King, this was the only solution that could cure society’s evil and create a just society. Take a look at Martin Luther King’s philosophy on nonviolent resistance.
Harlem Renaissance
The movement of Southern blacks to Northern cities, the emergence of radical thought, and the publication of black magazines set the stage for the Harlem Renaissance, the time when black writers produced some of the most profound literary works.
The movement of Southern blacks to Northern cities, the emergence of radical thought, and the publication of black magazines set the stage for the Harlem Renaissance, the time when black writers produced some of the most profound literary works.
The March on Washington
In the early 1960s, as black unemployment rates were rising and as civil rights demonstrators around the country encountered police brutality, the idea for the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom emerged. The march, as it would turn out, was a powerful forum that raised the consciousness of many Americans about the injustice faced by black Americans. It was at the march that Martin Luther King Jr. made his famous “I have a dream” speech.
In the early 1960s, as black unemployment rates were rising and as civil rights demonstrators around the country encountered police brutality, the idea for the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom emerged. The march, as it would turn out, was a powerful forum that raised the consciousness of many Americans about the injustice faced by black Americans. It was at the march that Martin Luther King Jr. made his famous “I have a dream” speech.
54th Massachusetts Infantry
Despite the criticism that surrounded the creation the 54th Infantry, once in battle, the soldiers proved they were capable. Not only did they shatter any doubt, but they also showed that they were a much-needed force in the Civil War.
Despite the criticism that surrounded the creation the 54th Infantry, once in battle, the soldiers proved they were capable. Not only did they shatter any doubt, but they also showed that they were a much-needed force in the Civil War.
Emmett Till Rally
Street rally in protest of the murder of Emmett Till.
Street rally in protest of the murder of Emmett Till.
Timeline of Slavery in America
This slavery timeline covers the important events that occurred during slavery.
This slavery timeline covers the important events that occurred during slavery.
Jim Crow Laws
By the 1890s, as the gains of Reconstruction were stripped away, southern states began enacting Jim Crow laws that enforced separate facilities for blacks and whites. Here are samples of the laws enacted by various states.
By the 1890s, as the gains of Reconstruction were stripped away, southern states began enacting Jim Crow laws that enforced separate facilities for blacks and whites. Here are samples of the laws enacted by various states.
Rosa Parks
On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks changed history forever when she refused to give up her seat on a Montgomery city bus. Take a look at the life and accomplishments of the woman who became known as "the mother of the civil rights movement."
On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks changed history forever when she refused to give up her seat on a Montgomery city bus. Take a look at the life and accomplishments of the woman who became known as "the mother of the civil rights movement."
Martin Luther King Timeline
Intelligent, dedicated, charismatic, and religious, Martin Luther King, Jr. had what it took to inspire the conscious of the American public. A look at the major events in the life of MLK.
Intelligent, dedicated, charismatic, and religious, Martin Luther King, Jr. had what it took to inspire the conscious of the American public. A look at the major events in the life of MLK.
Malcolm X
Malcolm X was initially known for his controversial stance of racial separatism, but after his pilgrimage to Mecca, while he still advocated Black Nationalism, Malcolm X also accepted a more orthodox Islam view of the "true brotherhood" of man. He came to believe that there was a potential for cross-racial alliance.
Malcolm X was initially known for his controversial stance of racial separatism, but after his pilgrimage to Mecca, while he still advocated Black Nationalism, Malcolm X also accepted a more orthodox Islam view of the "true brotherhood" of man. He came to believe that there was a potential for cross-racial alliance.
Freedom Riders
A photo of freedom riders hanging signs out of the bus windows.
A photo of freedom riders hanging signs out of the bus windows.
Harlem Renaissance Writers
From the Harlem Renaissance, came the creation of great literature by many African American writers. Take a look at who some of these writers were and at the literature they produced.
From the Harlem Renaissance, came the creation of great literature by many African American writers. Take a look at who some of these writers were and at the literature they produced.
An Overview of Jim Crow Laws
The establishment of Jim Crow laws began with the U.S. Supreme Court ruling of “separate but equal” in Plessy v. Ferguson and ended almost sixty years later with the decision in Brown v. Board of Education. This summary briefly traces the history of the creation and collapse of segregation laws.
The establishment of Jim Crow laws began with the U.S. Supreme Court ruling of “separate but equal” in Plessy v. Ferguson and ended almost sixty years later with the decision in Brown v. Board of Education. This summary briefly traces the history of the creation and collapse of segregation laws.
Emmett Till Timeline
This timeline provides a look at the details surrounding the murder of Emmett Till and the murder trial afterward.
This timeline provides a look at the details surrounding the murder of Emmett Till and the murder trial afterward.
Martin Luther King Quotes
Quotes from civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. about justice, morality, and laws.
Quotes from civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. about justice, morality, and laws.
The Freedmen's Bureau
Inadequate funds and less than zealous advocacy plagued the progress of the Freedmen’s Bureau. While advancement was made with the establishment of schools, one of the bureau’s biggest failures was its inability to distribute abandoned land to freedmen.
Inadequate funds and less than zealous advocacy plagued the progress of the Freedmen’s Bureau. While advancement was made with the establishment of schools, one of the bureau’s biggest failures was its inability to distribute abandoned land to freedmen.
Maya Angelou Quotes
Quotes from writer Maya Angelou.
Quotes from writer Maya Angelou.
Muhammad Ali at a Fight in New Jersey
A photo collection of Muhammad Ali.
A photo collection of Muhammad Ali.
School Integration
George E.C. Hayes, Thurgood Marshall, and James M. Nabrit celebrating the U.S. Supreme Court decision which declared segregation in schools unconstitutional, 1954.
George E.C. Hayes, Thurgood Marshall, and James M. Nabrit celebrating the U.S. Supreme Court decision which declared segregation in schools unconstitutional, 1954.
Langston Hughes
Harlem Renaissance writer and poet, Langston Hughes, was one of the more notable writers during this time. Known for his portrayal of black life in his work, Hughes' success was partly due to his ability to effectively capture the essence of the black experience.
Harlem Renaissance writer and poet, Langston Hughes, was one of the more notable writers during this time. Known for his portrayal of black life in his work, Hughes' success was partly due to his ability to effectively capture the essence of the black experience.
Carl Lewis - 1996 Olympics
A collection of images of track and field athlete Carl Lewis.
A collection of images of track and field athlete Carl Lewis.
Maya Angelou
Today, Maya Angelou is known mostly as a poet and author of several widely acclaimed books, but she first got her start as a dancer, and also achieved success as a screenwriter and performer.
Today, Maya Angelou is known mostly as a poet and author of several widely acclaimed books, but she first got her start as a dancer, and also achieved success as a screenwriter and performer.
The Slave Trade
In stark contrast to the treatment of pre-modern slaves, slaves in the Americas were not treated as servants, were enslaved based on race, suffered the deadly passage to the Americas, were not given educational opportunities, and endured harsh working conditions and inhumane treatment.
In stark contrast to the treatment of pre-modern slaves, slaves in the Americas were not treated as servants, were enslaved based on race, suffered the deadly passage to the Americas, were not given educational opportunities, and endured harsh working conditions and inhumane treatment.
The Montgomery Bus Boycott
Rosa Parks did what others before her had done. She refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on the city bus. But this time it sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
Rosa Parks did what others before her had done. She refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on the city bus. But this time it sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
Booker T. Washington
Booker T. Washington, founder of the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, became one of the most controversial leaders of his time. At odds with W.E.B. Du Bois and other civil rights advocates, Washington was often called an accommodationist because he advocated self-help through economic means over civil and political rights.
Booker T. Washington, founder of the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, became one of the most controversial leaders of his time. At odds with W.E.B. Du Bois and other civil rights advocates, Washington was often called an accommodationist because he advocated self-help through economic means over civil and political rights.
The Underground Railroad
Curious about how slaves escaped? At one point, the Underground Railroad was the most successful way for a slave to escape. Find out how the organization was formed, who helped, and why it was so successful.
Curious about how slaves escaped? At one point, the Underground Railroad was the most successful way for a slave to escape. Find out how the organization was formed, who helped, and why it was so successful.
Biographies of Notable African Americans
Read the biographies of notable African Americans, and find out how they contributed and changed American History.
Read the biographies of notable African Americans, and find out how they contributed and changed American History.
Whipping
An image of a lady whipping a slave girl.
An image of a lady whipping a slave girl.
Quiz: Who Am I? Game #1
Quiz Who am I? Game #
Quiz Who am I? Game #
Martin Luther King Being Arrested
A collection of photos of Martin Luther King Jr.
A collection of photos of Martin Luther King Jr.
"White Only" Drinking Fountain
A photograph of a "white only" drinking fountain.
A photograph of a "white only" drinking fountain.
Malcolm X Timeline
A look at the major events in the life of Malcolm X.
A look at the major events in the life of Malcolm X.
Thomas Jefferson on Slavery
Read the text of Thomas Jefferson's views on slavery.
Read the text of Thomas Jefferson's views on slavery.
Carl Lewis at the Track Club
A collection of images of track and field athlete Carl Lewis.
A collection of images of track and field athlete Carl Lewis.
Brown v. Board of Education
In Brown v Board of Education, the Supreme Court made the landmark decision to end segregation in schools. However, four other cases contributed to this result. These cases are often overlooked, but their influence on this decision was just as important.
In Brown v Board of Education, the Supreme Court made the landmark decision to end segregation in schools. However, four other cases contributed to this result. These cases are often overlooked, but their influence on this decision was just as important.
Slavery in Colonial Times
During the colonial times, the treatment of slaves was often different depending upon which colony they lived in. Slaves in southern colonies typically worked under harsh labor conditions, while slaves in the middle and New England colonies were fewer, had more freedom, and were often treated more humanely.
During the colonial times, the treatment of slaves was often different depending upon which colony they lived in. Slaves in southern colonies typically worked under harsh labor conditions, while slaves in the middle and New England colonies were fewer, had more freedom, and were often treated more humanely.
School Integration
Little Rock, Arkansas, Little Rock Central High.
Little Rock, Arkansas, Little Rock Central High.
Muhammad Ali
Muhammad Ali was a symbol of black pride and defiance during the 1960s. He was outspoken and boastful, and as his professional boxing career progressed the reason became clear as to why he was called “the greatest”—his speed, his footwork, and his ability to take a punch were unmatched.
Muhammad Ali was a symbol of black pride and defiance during the 1960s. He was outspoken and boastful, and as his professional boxing career progressed the reason became clear as to why he was called “the greatest”—his speed, his footwork, and his ability to take a punch were unmatched.
Jack Johnson
Early 20th century boxer Jack Johnson was one of the few black men in history that created white anxiety about black equality. He was unafraid, his actions in and out of the ring were bold, and with the black public in his corner he achieved his greatest accomplishment. He challenged racial views about equality when he beat a white boxer and became the first black international heavyweight-boxing champion.
Early 20th century boxer Jack Johnson was one of the few black men in history that created white anxiety about black equality. He was unafraid, his actions in and out of the ring were bold, and with the black public in his corner he achieved his greatest accomplishment. He challenged racial views about equality when he beat a white boxer and became the first black international heavyweight-boxing champion.
Jackie Robinson
After playing for the Brooklyn Dodgers, Jackie Robinson not only broke the color barrier of major league baseball but he also used his position to speak out against the injustice of segregation.
After playing for the Brooklyn Dodgers, Jackie Robinson not only broke the color barrier of major league baseball but he also used his position to speak out against the injustice of segregation.
Drinking Fountain
A photograph of a "white only" drinking fountain.
A photograph of a "white only" drinking fountain.
The 16th Street Church Bombing
Eighteen days after the March on Washington, on the early Sunday morning of September 15, 1963, a bomb exploded in the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, killing four girls. Find out what happened on that early September morning. Plus, learn why it took so long to bring a second suspect to justice.
Eighteen days after the March on Washington, on the early Sunday morning of September 15, 1963, a bomb exploded in the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, killing four girls. Find out what happened on that early September morning. Plus, learn why it took so long to bring a second suspect to justice.
Lunch Counter Sit-In
A photo of lunch counter sit-in protestors at Woolworth in Greensboro, N.C.
A photo of lunch counter sit-in protestors at Woolworth in Greensboro, N.C.
The Classic Blues Era
Before the country blues of Blind Lemon Jefferson, Blind Blake, and Robert Johnson, it was the classic blues that was all the rage in the early 1920s. Female classic blues singers, such as Bessie Smith, Ma Rainey, and Ethel Waters, introduced a refined type of blues that was defined by its jazz sound and the clear enunciation of the singer. While the prominence of this form of blues was short, it was an important precursor to the popularity of the country blues.
Before the country blues of Blind Lemon Jefferson, Blind Blake, and Robert Johnson, it was the classic blues that was all the rage in the early 1920s. Female classic blues singers, such as Bessie Smith, Ma Rainey, and Ethel Waters, introduced a refined type of blues that was defined by its jazz sound and the clear enunciation of the singer. While the prominence of this form of blues was short, it was an important precursor to the popularity of the country blues.
Lunch Counter Picket Line
A photo of protestors picketing Woolworth's policy on segregated lunch counters.
A photo of protestors picketing Woolworth's policy on segregated lunch counters.
Bill Cosby Quotes
Quotes from Bill Cosby about marriage, parenting, and life.
Quotes from Bill Cosby about marriage, parenting, and life.
Little Rock Nine
Not even threats and other scare tactics could stop the Little Rock Nine from desegregating Little Rock Central High. With the court and the federal government on their side, the Little Rock Nine bravely became the first black students to attend the segregated Arkansas high school.
Not even threats and other scare tactics could stop the Little Rock Nine from desegregating Little Rock Central High. With the court and the federal government on their side, the Little Rock Nine bravely became the first black students to attend the segregated Arkansas high school.
Smith Plantation Slaves
A photograph of slaves on the Smith plantation.
A photograph of slaves on the Smith plantation.
Rosa Parks Timeline
Rosa Parks, a seamstress and secretary of the local Montgomery chapter of the NAACP, bravely did what others had done before. She refused to give up her seat to a white patron on a Montgomery city bus. Unlike her predecessors, her action led the way for the desegregation of buses.
Rosa Parks, a seamstress and secretary of the local Montgomery chapter of the NAACP, bravely did what others had done before. She refused to give up her seat to a white patron on a Montgomery city bus. Unlike her predecessors, her action led the way for the desegregation of buses.
Voting Rights in Selma
When Martin Luther King Jr. came to Selma, Alabama to lead an assault against discriminatory voter registration practices, it could hardly be predicted that the nation would witness the brutal attack on peaceful demonstrators in what came to be called Bloody Sunday. It was this same brutality, however, that led President Johnson and Congress to one conclusion—it was time to pass voting rights legislation and give black citizens the same voting rights as whites.
When Martin Luther King Jr. came to Selma, Alabama to lead an assault against discriminatory voter registration practices, it could hardly be predicted that the nation would witness the brutal attack on peaceful demonstrators in what came to be called Bloody Sunday. It was this same brutality, however, that led President Johnson and Congress to one conclusion—it was time to pass voting rights legislation and give black citizens the same voting rights as whites.
W.E.B. Du Bois Quotes
Quotes from W.E.B. Du Bois.
Quotes from W.E.B. Du Bois.
Ralph Abernathy
Ralph Abernathy was one of Martin Luther King"s closest friends during the civil rights movement. His guidance can be seen in the Montgomery bus boycott and the creation and leadership of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.
Ralph Abernathy was one of Martin Luther King"s closest friends during the civil rights movement. His guidance can be seen in the Montgomery bus boycott and the creation and leadership of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.
Slave Auction, VA
An image of a Virginia slave auction.
An image of a Virginia slave auction.
Punishment & Torture Device
An image of a punishment and torture device used on slaves.
An image of a punishment and torture device used on slaves.
Martin Luther King Jr. Released from Prison
A collection of photos of Martin Luther King Jr.
A collection of photos of Martin Luther King Jr.
March on Washington
march on washington march on washington
march on washington march on washington
Mississippi Black Codes
free negroes black codes 1865 corporate authorities black codes of 1865 mulattoes: The text of a Mississippi black code.
free negroes black codes 1865 corporate authorities black codes of 1865 mulattoes: The text of a Mississippi black code.
Timeline of Reconstruction
Immediately following the Civil War, a time of transition occurred in the lives of newly freed slaves. This timeline of the reconstruction era covers the important laws that were enacted, the government’s role in reconstruction, and the reaction of southern states.
Immediately following the Civil War, a time of transition occurred in the lives of newly freed slaves. This timeline of the reconstruction era covers the important laws that were enacted, the government’s role in reconstruction, and the reaction of southern states.
grandfather clause
The enactment of grandfather clauses by some southern states was an attempt to prevent African Americans from voting.
The enactment of grandfather clauses by some southern states was an attempt to prevent African Americans from voting.
Malcolm X Quotes
Quotes from Malcolm X about justice, freedom, and power.
Quotes from Malcolm X about justice, freedom, and power.
Slave Auction
An image of a slave auction.
An image of a slave auction.
Madam C.J. Walker
In the early 1900s, Madam C.J. Walker was one of the most well known blacks of the time. America’s first black woman millionaire made her fortune with the invention of hair care products specifically tailored to black women. She had a hand in revolutionizing the way black women styled their hair by combining the use of the hot comb with her hair care products.
In the early 1900s, Madam C.J. Walker was one of the most well known blacks of the time. America’s first black woman millionaire made her fortune with the invention of hair care products specifically tailored to black women. She had a hand in revolutionizing the way black women styled their hair by combining the use of the hot comb with her hair care products.
White Ladies Only Sign
A photograph of a "white ladies only" sign.
A photograph of a "white ladies only" sign.
Birminghan Bombing
A photo of the home of Arthur Shores' home after it was bombed.
A photo of the home of Arthur Shores' home after it was bombed.
Letter from Benjamin Banneker to Thomas Jefferson
This is a letter Benjamin Banneker wrote to Thomas Jefferson. In it he wrote about the inconsistency of Jefferson's position on the equality of all men while at the same time owning slaves.
This is a letter Benjamin Banneker wrote to Thomas Jefferson. In it he wrote about the inconsistency of Jefferson's position on the equality of all men while at the same time owning slaves.
Slave Quarters
A photograph of slave quarters in South Carolina.
A photograph of slave quarters in South Carolina.
Billie Holiday
When the song “Strange Fruit” is mentioned, it is not uncommon for the name Billie Holiday to come to mind. Billie Holiday is considered one of the greatest jazz singers of all time, and yet her life was marred, much like her famous song, by despair and violence. Perhaps it was her own heartbreaking life story that helped produce her captivating and extraordinary singing style. Take a look at the life of Billie Holiday.
When the song “Strange Fruit” is mentioned, it is not uncommon for the name Billie Holiday to come to mind. Billie Holiday is considered one of the greatest jazz singers of all time, and yet her life was marred, much like her famous song, by despair and violence. Perhaps it was her own heartbreaking life story that helped produce her captivating and extraordinary singing style. Take a look at the life of Billie Holiday.
The Black Panthers
In stark contrast to Martin Luther King’s advocacy of nonviolent resistance, the Black Panther Party believed in arming for self-defense against police brutality. While arming provided protection, it also led to incidents that ended in violent standoffs with the police.
In stark contrast to Martin Luther King’s advocacy of nonviolent resistance, the Black Panther Party believed in arming for self-defense against police brutality. While arming provided protection, it also led to incidents that ended in violent standoffs with the police.
Booker T. Washington Quotes
Quotes from founder of the Tuskegee Institute, Booker T. Washington.
Quotes from founder of the Tuskegee Institute, Booker T. Washington.
Frederick Douglass Quotes
Quotes from Frederick Douglass.
Quotes from Frederick Douglass.
Slave Cabins
A photograph of slave cabins.
A photograph of slave cabins.
Literacy Test
Literacy tests disenfranchised southern blacks for nearly one hundred years after given the right to vote through the Fifteenth Amendment. Although patently unfair, these tests passed constitutional requirements because blacks were excluded on the basis of literacy and not race.
Literacy tests disenfranchised southern blacks for nearly one hundred years after given the right to vote through the Fifteenth Amendment. Although patently unfair, these tests passed constitutional requirements because blacks were excluded on the basis of literacy and not race.
Martin Luther King Jr. at a Press Conference
A collection of photos of Martin Luther King Jr.
A collection of photos of Martin Luther King Jr.
Branded Slave
A photograph of a branded slave.
A photograph of a branded slave.
SCLC
With Martin Luther King as the leader, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference was successfully part of the civil rights movement’s most important events. From the March on Washington to the sit-ins, the SCLC attempted to end discrimination and to appeal to the moral conscience of Americans.
With Martin Luther King as the leader, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference was successfully part of the civil rights movement’s most important events. From the March on Washington to the sit-ins, the SCLC attempted to end discrimination and to appeal to the moral conscience of Americans.
Marcus Garvey
Jamaican born nationalist leader Marcus Garvey quickly rose in popularity during the World War I era. As quick as his rise in prominence, however, without the support of his ideology from other black leaders, his popularity was brief.
Jamaican born nationalist leader Marcus Garvey quickly rose in popularity during the World War I era. As quick as his rise in prominence, however, without the support of his ideology from other black leaders, his popularity was brief.
Martin Luther King & Malcolm X
A photo of Martin Luther King and Malcolm X.
A photo of Martin Luther King and Malcolm X.
Inspection of Slave
An image of a white man inspecting a black slave.
An image of a white man inspecting a black slave.
Presidential Reconstruction
Politics, race, and power--that is what marked the era of Presidential Reconstruction following the Civil War. While Democratic President Andrew Johnson hoped to use the post-wartime chaos to unify political factions into a new party, Republicans, on the other hand, were intent on restructuring the old ways of the South. In the end, it became a battle between the president and Republican congressional members over which policies would govern the South.
Politics, race, and power--that is what marked the era of Presidential Reconstruction following the Civil War. While Democratic President Andrew Johnson hoped to use the post-wartime chaos to unify political factions into a new party, Republicans, on the other hand, were intent on restructuring the old ways of the South. In the end, it became a battle between the president and Republican congressional members over which policies would govern the South.
Slaves Preparing Cotton
A photograph of slaves preparing cotton.
A photograph of slaves preparing cotton.
White Only Restaurant
A photograph of a "white only" restaurant sign.
A photograph of a "white only" restaurant sign.
Slave-Coffle
An image of a slave-coffle passing the capitol.
An image of a slave-coffle passing the capitol.
Photographs of Notable African American People
Read the biographies of notable African Americans, and find out how they contributed and changed American History.
Read the biographies of notable African Americans, and find out how they contributed and changed American History.
Stirrup Branch Plantation - Front View
A photograph of the Stirrup Branch Plantation.
A photograph of the Stirrup Branch Plantation.
Martin Luther King Jr. Speaking
A collection of photos of Martin Luther King Jr.
A collection of photos of Martin Luther King Jr.
SNCC
With the civil rights movement in full swing, the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee was a much-needed organization for the movement’s younger college activists. Adult leaders served in an advisory role as the SNCC’s student leaders attempted to bring new strategies to the fight to end discrimination.
With the civil rights movement in full swing, the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee was a much-needed organization for the movement’s younger college activists. Adult leaders served in an advisory role as the SNCC’s student leaders attempted to bring new strategies to the fight to end discrimination.
Reward Poster
An image of a runaway slave reward poster.
An image of a runaway slave reward poster.
Slave Pen
A photograph of a slave pen in Virginia.
A photograph of a slave pen in Virginia.
Stirrup Branch Plantation - Rear View
A photograph of the Stirrup Branch Plantation.
A photograph of the Stirrup Branch Plantation.
Railroad Station Waiting Room
A picture of a segregated railroad station waiting room
A picture of a segregated railroad station waiting room
Waiting Room, Georgia
A photo of a bus station waiting room sign in Georgia.
A photo of a bus station waiting room sign in Georgia.
Langston Hughes Quotes
Quotes from Langston Hughes.
Quotes from Langston Hughes.
Barry Bonds
Photos of African American baseball players.
Photos of African American baseball players.
Top Picks - Books on the Civil Rights Movement
The civil rights movement was one of the most revolutionary times in American history. The works listed below each provide a glimpse into different aspects of this important time.
The civil rights movement was one of the most revolutionary times in American history. The works listed below each provide a glimpse into different aspects of this important time.
Anti-Slavery Image
An image of a anti-slavery poem.
An image of a anti-slavery poem.
Freedom Rides
The Freedom Rides were scheduled to take just thirteen days and initially involved only thirteen Freedom Riders; however, by the end of the summer of 1961, over three hundred activists had participated in the Freedom Rides. Although the riders faced violent attacks by the KKK and other angry Southern whites, they never gave up. In the end, despite the many bumps in the road, nonviolent tactics worked and interstate travel was finally desegregated.
The Freedom Rides were scheduled to take just thirteen days and initially involved only thirteen Freedom Riders; however, by the end of the summer of 1961, over three hundred activists had participated in the Freedom Rides. Although the riders faced violent attacks by the KKK and other angry Southern whites, they never gave up. In the end, despite the many bumps in the road, nonviolent tactics worked and interstate travel was finally desegregated.
Smith's Plantation
A photograph of slaves on Smith's plantation.
A photograph of slaves on Smith's plantation.
Muhammad Ali Quotes
Quotations from one of the greatest boxers ever, Muhammad Ali.
Quotations from one of the greatest boxers ever, Muhammad Ali.
Jesse Owens
Frail and often sickly as a child, who would have guessed that Jesse Owens would go on to achieve the status of an Olympic medalist. With Hitler in power, the 1936 Olympics in Berlin, Germany was marred by Aryan racism. Despite the pressure to perform, Owens went on to win four gold medals and set a new world record.
Frail and often sickly as a child, who would have guessed that Jesse Owens would go on to achieve the status of an Olympic medalist. With Hitler in power, the 1936 Olympics in Berlin, Germany was marred by Aryan racism. Despite the pressure to perform, Owens went on to win four gold medals and set a new world record.
Hotel Clark
A photograph of Hotel Clark.
A photograph of Hotel Clark.
Lunch Counter Sit-Ins
When four black college students sat in protest at Woolworth's segregated lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, at the time, it was unforeseen what impact their actions would have on the rest of the South. As the sit-in garnered national attention, the sit-in movement spread to other southern cities and led to the desegregation of numerous lunch counters.
When four black college students sat in protest at Woolworth's segregated lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, at the time, it was unforeseen what impact their actions would have on the rest of the South. As the sit-in garnered national attention, the sit-in movement spread to other southern cities and led to the desegregation of numerous lunch counters.
Joe Louis
The young, modest, and quiet Joe Louis could not have guessed that a career in boxing would make him into national hero. As World War II loomed, Joe Louis was thrust into the political arena when he fought Germany’s Max Schmeling. Louis’ win over Schmeling was a win for America. Louis immediately went from an unknown boxer to one of the most popular figures of the time.
The young, modest, and quiet Joe Louis could not have guessed that a career in boxing would make him into national hero. As World War II loomed, Joe Louis was thrust into the political arena when he fought Germany’s Max Schmeling. Louis’ win over Schmeling was a win for America. Louis immediately went from an unknown boxer to one of the most popular figures of the time.
Louis Armstrong
Born into poverty to a mother who worked as a washerwoman and a prostitute, it seemed as if Louis Armstrong was destined to live a hard life. However, from the time that Armstrong first picked up the cornet as a child, it was evident to those listening that he would defy the odds. Evolving from playing cornet to playing trumpet and singing, Armstrong established himself as an influential and great jazz musician.
Born into poverty to a mother who worked as a washerwoman and a prostitute, it seemed as if Louis Armstrong was destined to live a hard life. However, from the time that Armstrong first picked up the cornet as a child, it was evident to those listening that he would defy the odds. Evolving from playing cornet to playing trumpet and singing, Armstrong established himself as an influential and great jazz musician.
March Leaders
This is a collection of photos of the 1963 March on Washington.
This is a collection of photos of the 1963 March on Washington.
The Fourteenth Amendment
The Fourteenth Amendment, one of the post-Civil War Reconstruction Amendments, was created to protect the rights of newly freed slaves in the South, limit the participation of ex-Confederate leaders in government, and guarantee the payment of debt.
The Fourteenth Amendment, one of the post-Civil War Reconstruction Amendments, was created to protect the rights of newly freed slaves in the South, limit the participation of ex-Confederate leaders in government, and guarantee the payment of debt.
Thurgood Marshall Quotes
Quotes from Thurgood Marshall, the first black U.S. Supreme Court Justice and a civil rights attorney.
Quotes from Thurgood Marshall, the first black U.S. Supreme Court Justice and a civil rights attorney.
Underground Railroad
An image of slaves escaping from bondage.
An image of slaves escaping from bondage.
Bus Rest Stop
A picture of a bus rest stop.
A picture of a bus rest stop.
"Contrabands"
A photograph of fugitive slaves.
A photograph of fugitive slaves.
Cafe
Photograph of cafe with separate entrances for whites and blacks.
Photograph of cafe with separate entrances for whites and blacks.
Radical Reconstruction
Once President Johnson lost control over Reconstruction, it became a battle within the Republican Party. Moderates and Radicals both ultimately wanted to protect the rights of blacks, but political objectives would partly stand in the way. Nevertheless, Radical Reconstruction ushered in the election of black politicians, the Military Reconstruction Acts, and the 14th and 15th Amendments.
Once President Johnson lost control over Reconstruction, it became a battle within the Republican Party. Moderates and Radicals both ultimately wanted to protect the rights of blacks, but political objectives would partly stand in the way. Nevertheless, Radical Reconstruction ushered in the election of black politicians, the Military Reconstruction Acts, and the 14th and 15th Amendments.
Muhammad Ali at a Muslim Service
A photo collection of Muhammad Ali.
A photo collection of Muhammad Ali.
Mae Jemison
Dr. Mae Jemison made several accomplishments as an astronaut; among her claims to fame was becoming the first black female astronaut and the first black woman in space.
Dr. Mae Jemison made several accomplishments as an astronaut; among her claims to fame was becoming the first black female astronaut and the first black woman in space.
Sale Notice
An image of a for sale notice from the newspaper.
An image of a for sale notice from the newspaper.
Fugitive Slaves
A photograph of fugitive slaves.
A photograph of fugitive slaves.
Bus Station Waiting Room
A photo of a bus station waiting room sign in North Carolina.
A photo of a bus station waiting room sign in North Carolina.
Bombing
A photograph of the aftermath of the bombing of the Gaston Motel.
A photograph of the aftermath of the bombing of the Gaston Motel.
Waiting Room, North Carolina
A photo of a bus station waiting room sign in North Carolina.
A photo of a bus station waiting room sign in North Carolina.
Two "Contrabands"
A photo of two "contrabands."
A photo of two "contrabands."
Slaves on Ship
An image of slaves on a ship.
An image of slaves on a ship.
Martin Luther King Jr. in Jail
A collection of photos of Martin Luther King Jr.
A collection of photos of Martin Luther King Jr.
Grandfather Clause
Although blacks were given the right to vote through the Fifteenth Amendment, this right was restricted with the creation of grandfather clauses in state constitutions.
Although blacks were given the right to vote through the Fifteenth Amendment, this right was restricted with the creation of grandfather clauses in state constitutions.
Lunch Room
Photograph of lunch room where whites and blacks are served.
Photograph of lunch room where whites and blacks are served.
Fugitive Slave Act
A condemnation of the Fugitive Slave Act.
A condemnation of the Fugitive Slave Act.
Private Robert J. Jones
A photo of 54th Massachusetts Infantry Private Robert J. Jones.
A photo of 54th Massachusetts Infantry Private Robert J. Jones.
W.E.B. Du Bois
Considered one of the most influential black intellectuals of the 20th century, W.E.B. Du Bois encouraged intellectual development, economic independence, and helped found the NAACP. In his early career he experienced great success, but as his views moved toward Black Nationalism and socialism support for his ideas waned. By the end of his life he had renounced his United States citizenship and moved to Ghana.
Considered one of the most influential black intellectuals of the 20th century, W.E.B. Du Bois encouraged intellectual development, economic independence, and helped found the NAACP. In his early career he experienced great success, but as his views moved toward Black Nationalism and socialism support for his ideas waned. By the end of his life he had renounced his United States citizenship and moved to Ghana.
Courthouse Drinking Fountain
Photograph of a courthouse drinking fountain for African Americans.
Photograph of a courthouse drinking fountain for African Americans.
Contraband Foreground
A photo of freemen.
A photo of freemen.
Family Arrival at Union Lines
A photo of a family's arrival at Union Lines.
A photo of a family's arrival at Union Lines.
Black Firsts in Government
After the Civil War, the policies of Reconstruction led to the election of blacks to state legislatures and Congress. Although progress was made, when Reconstruction ended so did many of these gains. It would take nearly ninety years until the next big feat in politics: in 1967, Carl Stokes was elected mayor of Cleveland, Ohio. From thereafter, steady gains for black men and women would come. The following list documents African American firsts in government.
After the Civil War, the policies of Reconstruction led to the election of blacks to state legislatures and Congress. Although progress was made, when Reconstruction ended so did many of these gains. It would take nearly ninety years until the next big feat in politics: in 1967, Carl Stokes was elected mayor of Cleveland, Ohio. From thereafter, steady gains for black men and women would come. The following list documents African American firsts in government.
Carl Lewis - 1988 Olympics
A collection of images of track and field athlete Carl Lewis.
A collection of images of track and field athlete Carl Lewis.
Stowage of Slave Ship
An image of a slave ship.
An image of a slave ship.