African-American History: Most Popular Articles
These articles are the most popular over the last month.
The Black Codes of 1865
The Black Codes of 1865 turned out to be a unique way for white southerners to attempt to maintain the way of life they had known prior to the Civil War. While freedom had been won, ex-slaves were restricted and opportunities were limited.
The Black Codes of 1865 turned out to be a unique way for white southerners to attempt to maintain the way of life they had known prior to the Civil War. While freedom had been won, ex-slaves were restricted and opportunities were limited.
The History of Blues Music
From blues music came great artists such as Muddy Waters, John Lee Hooker, Buddy Guy, Bessie Smith and others. But the blues might never have been created if it had not been for the influence of hollers, calls, and the changes that occurred in the lives of blacks. It combined the styles of the past with a new type of song. The popularity of the blues marked a new era for black music.
From blues music came great artists such as Muddy Waters, John Lee Hooker, Buddy Guy, Bessie Smith and others. But the blues might never have been created if it had not been for the influence of hollers, calls, and the changes that occurred in the lives of blacks. It combined the styles of the past with a new type of song. The popularity of the blues marked a new era for black music.
The Murder of Emmett Till
Fourteen-year-old Chicago resident Emmett Till had little knowledge about the ways of the South. Consequently, when he spoke to a white female grocery clerk in Mississippi, Emmett Till was unable to see that this act had put his life in serious jeopardy. A few days later he was murdered.
Fourteen-year-old Chicago resident Emmett Till had little knowledge about the ways of the South. Consequently, when he spoke to a white female grocery clerk in Mississippi, Emmett Till was unable to see that this act had put his life in serious jeopardy. A few days later he was murdered.
Reconstruction
After the Civil War ended, the period of Reconstruction in the South brought great hope for change. For over ten years, gains were made, schools were created, teachers were trained, and black politicians were elected into office. As quickly as these gains came, however, they vanished.
After the Civil War ended, the period of Reconstruction in the South brought great hope for change. For over ten years, gains were made, schools were created, teachers were trained, and black politicians were elected into office. As quickly as these gains came, however, they vanished.
Harlem Renaissance
The movement of Southern blacks to Northern cities, the emergence of radical thought, and the publication of black magazines set the stage for the Harlem Renaissance, the time when black writers produced some of the most profound literary works.
The movement of Southern blacks to Northern cities, the emergence of radical thought, and the publication of black magazines set the stage for the Harlem Renaissance, the time when black writers produced some of the most profound literary works.
The Montgomery Bus Boycott
Rosa Parks did what others before her had done. She refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on the city bus. But this time it sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
Rosa Parks did what others before her had done. She refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on the city bus. But this time it sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
Civil Rights Movement Timeline
Looking for a comprehensive look at the civil rights movement? Check out this timeline of the important milestones that occurred during the civil rights movement.
Looking for a comprehensive look at the civil rights movement? Check out this timeline of the important milestones that occurred during the civil rights movement.
Nat Turner's Rebellion
To the white residents of Southampton County, it came as a surprise that a slave named Nat Turner was the leader of a slave rebellion that resulted in the deaths of 55 white people. This rebellion, which Turner believed was directed by God, became one of the most famous slave insurrections in U.S. history.
To the white residents of Southampton County, it came as a surprise that a slave named Nat Turner was the leader of a slave rebellion that resulted in the deaths of 55 white people. This rebellion, which Turner believed was directed by God, became one of the most famous slave insurrections in U.S. history.
Emmett Till
Emmett Till and his mother Mamie Bradley.
Emmett Till and his mother Mamie Bradley.
The March on Washington
In the early 1960s, as black unemployment rates were rising and as civil rights demonstrators around the country encountered police brutality, the idea for the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom emerged. The march, as it would turn out, was a powerful forum that raised the consciousness of many Americans about the injustice faced by black Americans. It was at the march that Martin Luther King Jr. made his famous “I have a dream” speech.
In the early 1960s, as black unemployment rates were rising and as civil rights demonstrators around the country encountered police brutality, the idea for the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom emerged. The march, as it would turn out, was a powerful forum that raised the consciousness of many Americans about the injustice faced by black Americans. It was at the march that Martin Luther King Jr. made his famous “I have a dream” speech.
Creation of the Jim Crow South
In the South, during the 1870s and 1880s, it was not uncommon for blacks and whites to use the same public facilities. However, Supreme Court decisions began to strip away the gains of Reconstruction, which led the way to the creation of Jim Crow laws.
In the South, during the 1870s and 1880s, it was not uncommon for blacks and whites to use the same public facilities. However, Supreme Court decisions began to strip away the gains of Reconstruction, which led the way to the creation of Jim Crow laws.
Jim Crow Laws
By the 1890s, as the gains of Reconstruction were stripped away, southern states began enacting Jim Crow laws that enforced separate facilities for blacks and whites. Here are samples of the laws enacted by various states.
By the 1890s, as the gains of Reconstruction were stripped away, southern states began enacting Jim Crow laws that enforced separate facilities for blacks and whites. Here are samples of the laws enacted by various states.
Freedom Riders
A photo of freedom riders hanging signs out of the bus windows.
A photo of freedom riders hanging signs out of the bus windows.
Malcolm X
Malcolm X was initially known for his controversial stance of racial separatism, but after his pilgrimage to Mecca, while he still advocated Black Nationalism, Malcolm X also accepted a more orthodox Islam view of the "true brotherhood" of man. He came to believe that there was a potential for cross-racial alliance.
Malcolm X was initially known for his controversial stance of racial separatism, but after his pilgrimage to Mecca, while he still advocated Black Nationalism, Malcolm X also accepted a more orthodox Islam view of the "true brotherhood" of man. He came to believe that there was a potential for cross-racial alliance.
The Underground Railroad
Curious about how slaves escaped? At one point, the Underground Railroad was the most successful way for a slave to escape. Find out how the organization was formed, who helped, and why it was so successful.
Curious about how slaves escaped? At one point, the Underground Railroad was the most successful way for a slave to escape. Find out how the organization was formed, who helped, and why it was so successful.
Rosa Parks
On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks changed history forever when she refused to give up her seat on a Montgomery city bus. Take a look at the life and accomplishments of the woman who became known as "the mother of the civil rights movement."
On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks changed history forever when she refused to give up her seat on a Montgomery city bus. Take a look at the life and accomplishments of the woman who became known as "the mother of the civil rights movement."
54th Massachusetts Infantry
Despite the criticism that surrounded the creation the 54th Infantry, once in battle, the soldiers proved they were capable. Not only did they shatter any doubt, but they also showed that they were a much-needed force in the Civil War.
Despite the criticism that surrounded the creation the 54th Infantry, once in battle, the soldiers proved they were capable. Not only did they shatter any doubt, but they also showed that they were a much-needed force in the Civil War.
Langston Hughes
Harlem Renaissance writer and poet, Langston Hughes, was one of the more notable writers during this time. Known for his portrayal of black life in his work, Hughes' success was partly due to his ability to effectively capture the essence of the black experience.
Harlem Renaissance writer and poet, Langston Hughes, was one of the more notable writers during this time. Known for his portrayal of black life in his work, Hughes' success was partly due to his ability to effectively capture the essence of the black experience.
MLK on Nonviolent Resistance
During the civil rights movement, Martin Luther King Jr. captured the attention of the nation with his philosophy and commitment to the method of nonviolent resistance. According to Dr. King, this was the only solution that could cure society’s evil and create a just society. Take a look at Martin Luther King’s philosophy on nonviolent resistance.
During the civil rights movement, Martin Luther King Jr. captured the attention of the nation with his philosophy and commitment to the method of nonviolent resistance. According to Dr. King, this was the only solution that could cure society’s evil and create a just society. Take a look at Martin Luther King’s philosophy on nonviolent resistance.
Plessy v. Ferguson
Read the Supreme Courts decision in Plessy v. Ferguson.
Read the Supreme Courts decision in Plessy v. Ferguson.
Ku Klux Klan
A secret paramilitary white supremacist organization, the Ku Klux Klan at various times in American history terrorized blacks and white sympathizers with violent acts of lynching, shootings, and whippings.
A secret paramilitary white supremacist organization, the Ku Klux Klan at various times in American history terrorized blacks and white sympathizers with violent acts of lynching, shootings, and whippings.
The Middle Passage
During the Middle Passage, the slave journey to the Americas, African slaves had to endure grueling conditions as they traveled to an unknown fate. They slept below the deck on un-sanded plank floors that had only 18 inches of headroom and no fresh air or light. Amazingly, most slaves survived this taxing journey only to face a lifetime of forced servitude.
During the Middle Passage, the slave journey to the Americas, African slaves had to endure grueling conditions as they traveled to an unknown fate. They slept below the deck on un-sanded plank floors that had only 18 inches of headroom and no fresh air or light. Amazingly, most slaves survived this taxing journey only to face a lifetime of forced servitude.
Lunch Counter Sit-Ins
When four black college students sat in protest at Woolworth's segregated lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, at the time, it was unforeseen what impact their actions would have on the rest of the South. As the sit-in garnered national attention, the sit-in movement spread to other southern cities and led to the desegregation of numerous lunch counters.
When four black college students sat in protest at Woolworth's segregated lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, at the time, it was unforeseen what impact their actions would have on the rest of the South. As the sit-in garnered national attention, the sit-in movement spread to other southern cities and led to the desegregation of numerous lunch counters.
The Freedmen's Bureau
Inadequate funds and less than zealous advocacy plagued the progress of the Freedmen’s Bureau. While advancement was made with the establishment of schools, one of the bureau’s biggest failures was its inability to distribute abandoned land to freedmen.
Inadequate funds and less than zealous advocacy plagued the progress of the Freedmen’s Bureau. While advancement was made with the establishment of schools, one of the bureau’s biggest failures was its inability to distribute abandoned land to freedmen.
Harlem Renaissance Writers
From the Harlem Renaissance, came the creation of great literature by many African American writers. Take a look at who some of these writers were and at the literature they produced.
From the Harlem Renaissance, came the creation of great literature by many African American writers. Take a look at who some of these writers were and at the literature they produced.
The Life of Frederick Douglass
Born a slave, yet determined to be free, Frederick Douglass escaped from slavery and became one of the most influential figures of the 19th century. He became a powerful speaker in the anti-slavery circuit, an author, an advocate for women’s rights, and held several government positions after the Civil War.
Born a slave, yet determined to be free, Frederick Douglass escaped from slavery and became one of the most influential figures of the 19th century. He became a powerful speaker in the anti-slavery circuit, an author, an advocate for women’s rights, and held several government positions after the Civil War.
An Overview of Jim Crow Laws
The establishment of Jim Crow laws began with the U.S. Supreme Court ruling of “separate but equal” in Plessy v. Ferguson and ended almost sixty years later with the decision in Brown v. Board of Education. This summary briefly traces the history of the creation and collapse of segregation laws.
The establishment of Jim Crow laws began with the U.S. Supreme Court ruling of “separate but equal” in Plessy v. Ferguson and ended almost sixty years later with the decision in Brown v. Board of Education. This summary briefly traces the history of the creation and collapse of segregation laws.
The 16th Street Church Bombing
Eighteen days after the March on Washington, on the early Sunday morning of September 15, 1963, a bomb exploded in the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, killing four girls. Find out what happened on that early September morning. Plus, learn why it took so long to bring a second suspect to justice.
Eighteen days after the March on Washington, on the early Sunday morning of September 15, 1963, a bomb exploded in the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, killing four girls. Find out what happened on that early September morning. Plus, learn why it took so long to bring a second suspect to justice.
Martin Luther King Jr.
Intelligent, dedicated, charismatic, and religious, Martin Luther King Jr. had what it took to inspire the conscience of the American public. He appealed to the moral sense of Americans, and after years of leading civil rights activists in nonviolent protest and direct action, his leadership helped to desegregate the South.
Intelligent, dedicated, charismatic, and religious, Martin Luther King Jr. had what it took to inspire the conscience of the American public. He appealed to the moral sense of Americans, and after years of leading civil rights activists in nonviolent protest and direct action, his leadership helped to desegregate the South.
Joe Louis
The young, modest, and quiet Joe Louis could not have guessed that a career in boxing would make him into national hero. As World War II loomed, Joe Louis was thrust into the political arena when he fought Germany’s Max Schmeling. Louis’ win over Schmeling was a win for America. Louis immediately went from an unknown boxer to one of the most popular figures of the time.
The young, modest, and quiet Joe Louis could not have guessed that a career in boxing would make him into national hero. As World War II loomed, Joe Louis was thrust into the political arena when he fought Germany’s Max Schmeling. Louis’ win over Schmeling was a win for America. Louis immediately went from an unknown boxer to one of the most popular figures of the time.
Martin Luther King Timeline
Intelligent, dedicated, charismatic, and religious, Martin Luther King, Jr. had what it took to inspire the conscious of the American public. A look at the major events in the life of MLK.
Intelligent, dedicated, charismatic, and religious, Martin Luther King, Jr. had what it took to inspire the conscious of the American public. A look at the major events in the life of MLK.
The Black Panthers
In stark contrast to Martin Luther King’s advocacy of nonviolent resistance, the Black Panther Party believed in arming for self-defense against police brutality. While arming provided protection, it also led to incidents that ended in violent standoffs with the police.
In stark contrast to Martin Luther King’s advocacy of nonviolent resistance, the Black Panther Party believed in arming for self-defense against police brutality. While arming provided protection, it also led to incidents that ended in violent standoffs with the police.
Quotes by African Americans
Looking for quotes? Check out this collection of quotes by African Americans.
Looking for quotes? Check out this collection of quotes by African Americans.
Malcolm X Timeline
A look at the major events in the life of Malcolm X.
A look at the major events in the life of Malcolm X.
Jackie Robinson
After playing for the Brooklyn Dodgers, Jackie Robinson not only broke the color barrier of major league baseball but he also used his position to speak out against the injustice of segregation.
After playing for the Brooklyn Dodgers, Jackie Robinson not only broke the color barrier of major league baseball but he also used his position to speak out against the injustice of segregation.
Drinking Fountain
A photograph of a "white only" drinking fountain.
A photograph of a "white only" drinking fountain.
Biographies of Notable African Americans
Read the biographies of notable African Americans, and find out how they contributed and changed American History.
Read the biographies of notable African Americans, and find out how they contributed and changed American History.
Harriet Tubman
Harriet Tubman was a remarkable woman who cared more about leading slaves to freedom than about her own safety. The likelihood of her capture and return into slavery increased each trip she made into slave territory. Because of her courage over 300 slaves gained their freedom and she earned the name “the Moses of her people.”
Harriet Tubman was a remarkable woman who cared more about leading slaves to freedom than about her own safety. The likelihood of her capture and return into slavery increased each trip she made into slave territory. Because of her courage over 300 slaves gained their freedom and she earned the name “the Moses of her people.”
Timeline of Slavery in America
This slavery timeline covers the important events that occurred during slavery.
This slavery timeline covers the important events that occurred during slavery.
Freedom Rides
The Freedom Rides were scheduled to take just thirteen days and initially involved only thirteen Freedom Riders; however, by the end of the summer of 1961, over three hundred activists had participated in the Freedom Rides. Although the riders faced violent attacks by the KKK and other angry Southern whites, they never gave up. In the end, despite the many bumps in the road, nonviolent tactics worked and interstate travel was finally desegregated.
The Freedom Rides were scheduled to take just thirteen days and initially involved only thirteen Freedom Riders; however, by the end of the summer of 1961, over three hundred activists had participated in the Freedom Rides. Although the riders faced violent attacks by the KKK and other angry Southern whites, they never gave up. In the end, despite the many bumps in the road, nonviolent tactics worked and interstate travel was finally desegregated.
Emmett Till Rally
Street rally in protest of the murder of Emmett Till.
Street rally in protest of the murder of Emmett Till.
James Meredith
While James Meredith was not the first African American to apply and be denied admission to the University of Mississippi, his fate would be much different than the four before him. With the assistance of the NAACP, Meredith was eventually admitted to the University of Mississippi, becoming its first black student.
While James Meredith was not the first African American to apply and be denied admission to the University of Mississippi, his fate would be much different than the four before him. With the assistance of the NAACP, Meredith was eventually admitted to the University of Mississippi, becoming its first black student.
Madam C.J. Walker
In the early 1900s, Madam C.J. Walker was one of the most well known blacks of the time. America’s first black woman millionaire made her fortune with the invention of hair care products specifically tailored to black women. She had a hand in revolutionizing the way black women styled their hair by combining the use of the hot comb with her hair care products.
In the early 1900s, Madam C.J. Walker was one of the most well known blacks of the time. America’s first black woman millionaire made her fortune with the invention of hair care products specifically tailored to black women. She had a hand in revolutionizing the way black women styled their hair by combining the use of the hot comb with her hair care products.
Ain't I A Woman? Delivered by Sojourner Truth
Sojourner Truth delivered this famous speech at the Women's Convention in Akron, Ohio, in 1851. Learn the details about the controversy over whether she actually recited the well-known phrase, "Ain't I a Woman? Plus, read the text of the speech.
Sojourner Truth delivered this famous speech at the Women's Convention in Akron, Ohio, in 1851. Learn the details about the controversy over whether she actually recited the well-known phrase, "Ain't I a Woman? Plus, read the text of the speech.
Timeline of Reconstruction
Immediately following the Civil War, a time of transition occurred in the lives of newly freed slaves. This timeline of the reconstruction era covers the important laws that were enacted, the government’s role in reconstruction, and the reaction of southern states.
Immediately following the Civil War, a time of transition occurred in the lives of newly freed slaves. This timeline of the reconstruction era covers the important laws that were enacted, the government’s role in reconstruction, and the reaction of southern states.
Maya Angelou
Today, Maya Angelou is known mostly as a poet and author of several widely acclaimed books, but she first got her start as a dancer, and also achieved success as a screenwriter and performer.
Today, Maya Angelou is known mostly as a poet and author of several widely acclaimed books, but she first got her start as a dancer, and also achieved success as a screenwriter and performer.
Hotel Clark
A photograph of Hotel Clark.
A photograph of Hotel Clark.
Little Rock Nine
Not even threats and other scare tactics could stop the Little Rock Nine from desegregating Little Rock Central High. With the court and the federal government on their side, the Little Rock Nine bravely became the first black students to attend the segregated Arkansas high school.
Not even threats and other scare tactics could stop the Little Rock Nine from desegregating Little Rock Central High. With the court and the federal government on their side, the Little Rock Nine bravely became the first black students to attend the segregated Arkansas high school.
16th Street Church Bombing
A photo of marchers protesting the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing.
A photo of marchers protesting the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing.
Voting Rights in Selma
When Martin Luther King Jr. came to Selma, Alabama to lead an assault against discriminatory voter registration practices, it could hardly be predicted that the nation would witness the brutal attack on peaceful demonstrators in what came to be called Bloody Sunday. It was this same brutality, however, that led President Johnson and Congress to one conclusion—it was time to pass voting rights legislation and give black citizens the same voting rights as whites.
When Martin Luther King Jr. came to Selma, Alabama to lead an assault against discriminatory voter registration practices, it could hardly be predicted that the nation would witness the brutal attack on peaceful demonstrators in what came to be called Bloody Sunday. It was this same brutality, however, that led President Johnson and Congress to one conclusion—it was time to pass voting rights legislation and give black citizens the same voting rights as whites.
Brown v. Board of Education
George E.C. Hayes, Thurgood Marshall, and James M. Nabrit celebrating the U.S. Supreme Court decision which declared segregation in schools unconstitutional, 1954.
George E.C. Hayes, Thurgood Marshall, and James M. Nabrit celebrating the U.S. Supreme Court decision which declared segregation in schools unconstitutional, 1954.
SCLC
With Martin Luther King as the leader, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference was successfully part of the civil rights movement’s most important events. From the March on Washington to the sit-ins, the SCLC attempted to end discrimination and to appeal to the moral conscience of Americans.
With Martin Luther King as the leader, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference was successfully part of the civil rights movement’s most important events. From the March on Washington to the sit-ins, the SCLC attempted to end discrimination and to appeal to the moral conscience of Americans.
Clinton High
School integration in Clinton, Tennessee, December 4, 1956.
School integration in Clinton, Tennessee, December 4, 1956.
Waiting Room, Georgia
A photo of a bus station waiting room sign in Georgia.
A photo of a bus station waiting room sign in Georgia.
Rosa Parks Timeline
Rosa Parks, a seamstress and secretary of the local Montgomery chapter of the NAACP, bravely did what others had done before. She refused to give up her seat to a white patron on a Montgomery city bus. Unlike her predecessors, her action led the way for the desegregation of buses.
Rosa Parks, a seamstress and secretary of the local Montgomery chapter of the NAACP, bravely did what others had done before. She refused to give up her seat to a white patron on a Montgomery city bus. Unlike her predecessors, her action led the way for the desegregation of buses.
White Ladies Only Sign
A photograph of a "white ladies only" sign.
A photograph of a "white ladies only" sign.
Benjamin Banneker
Benjamin Banneker made his mark on history with his contributions to astronomy, science, and math. He became known for building the first wooden clock, his almanacs, and for his part in building the capital city. By the end of his life, his achievements were well known around the world.
Benjamin Banneker made his mark on history with his contributions to astronomy, science, and math. He became known for building the first wooden clock, his almanacs, and for his part in building the capital city. By the end of his life, his achievements were well known around the world.
Execution of Black Soldier
A photograph of the execution of a black civil war soldier.
A photograph of the execution of a black civil war soldier.
Central High
A rally in protest of the integration of Little Rock Central High, August 20, 1959.
A rally in protest of the integration of Little Rock Central High, August 20, 1959.
Slavery in Colonial Times
During the colonial times, the treatment of slaves was often different depending upon which colony they lived in. Slaves in southern colonies typically worked under harsh labor conditions, while slaves in the middle and New England colonies were fewer, had more freedom, and were often treated more humanely.
During the colonial times, the treatment of slaves was often different depending upon which colony they lived in. Slaves in southern colonies typically worked under harsh labor conditions, while slaves in the middle and New England colonies were fewer, had more freedom, and were often treated more humanely.
The Slave Trade
In stark contrast to the treatment of pre-modern slaves, slaves in the Americas were not treated as servants, were enslaved based on race, suffered the deadly passage to the Americas, were not given educational opportunities, and endured harsh working conditions and inhumane treatment.
In stark contrast to the treatment of pre-modern slaves, slaves in the Americas were not treated as servants, were enslaved based on race, suffered the deadly passage to the Americas, were not given educational opportunities, and endured harsh working conditions and inhumane treatment.
Photograph of Frederick Douglass
Look at this photograph of Frederick Douglass.
Look at this photograph of Frederick Douglass.
Jesse Owens
Frail and often sickly as a child, who would have guessed that Jesse Owens would go on to achieve the status of an Olympic medalist. With Hitler in power, the 1936 Olympics in Berlin, Germany was marred by Aryan racism. Despite the pressure to perform, Owens went on to win four gold medals and set a new world record.
Frail and often sickly as a child, who would have guessed that Jesse Owens would go on to achieve the status of an Olympic medalist. With Hitler in power, the 1936 Olympics in Berlin, Germany was marred by Aryan racism. Despite the pressure to perform, Owens went on to win four gold medals and set a new world record.
SNCC
With the civil rights movement in full swing, the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee was a much-needed organization for the movement’s younger college activists. Adult leaders served in an advisory role, as the SNCC’s student leaders attempted to bring new strategies to the fight to end discrimination.
With the civil rights movement in full swing, the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee was a much-needed organization for the movement’s younger college activists. Adult leaders served in an advisory role, as the SNCC’s student leaders attempted to bring new strategies to the fight to end discrimination.
Lorraine Hansberry
Playwright Lorraine Hansberry’s ability to capture human injustice and pain in her work catapulted her to instant stardom. While her life was short, her play [i]A Raisin in the Sun[/i] still lives on as a wonderful story about dreams deferred, family unity, and the agony of poverty and racism that black families commonly faced during the 1950s.
Playwright Lorraine Hansberry’s ability to capture human injustice and pain in her work catapulted her to instant stardom. While her life was short, her play [i]A Raisin in the Sun[/i] still lives on as a wonderful story about dreams deferred, family unity, and the agony of poverty and racism that black families commonly faced during the 1950s.
Bus Rest Stop
A picture of a bus rest stop.
A picture of a bus rest stop.
Muhammad Ali
Muhammad Ali was a symbol of black pride and defiance during the 1960s. He was outspoken and boastful, and as his professional boxing career progressed the reason became clear as to why he was called “the greatest”—his speed, his footwork, and his ability to take a punch were unmatched.
Muhammad Ali was a symbol of black pride and defiance during the 1960s. He was outspoken and boastful, and as his professional boxing career progressed the reason became clear as to why he was called “the greatest”—his speed, his footwork, and his ability to take a punch were unmatched.
Waiting Room, North Carolina
A photo of a bus station waiting room sign in North Carolina.
A photo of a bus station waiting room sign in North Carolina.
Waiting Room, Tennessee
A photo of a bus station waiting room sign in Tennessee.
A photo of a bus station waiting room sign in Tennessee.
Bus Station Waiting Room
A photo of a bus station waiting room sign in North Carolina.
A photo of a bus station waiting room sign in North Carolina.
White Only Restaurant
A photograph of a "white only" restaurant sign.
A photograph of a "white only" restaurant sign.
Cabin Sign
A photograph a cabin sign.
A photograph a cabin sign.
Emmett Till Timeline
This timeline provides a look at the details surrounding the murder of Emmett Till and the murder trial afterward.
This timeline provides a look at the details surrounding the murder of Emmett Till and the murder trial afterward.
Fish Restaurant
A photo of the front of a fish restaurant for African Americans.
A photo of the front of a fish restaurant for African Americans.
Ralph Abernathy
Ralph Abernathy was one of Martin Luther King"s closest friends during the civil rights movement. His guidance can be seen in the Montgomery bus boycott and the creation and leadership of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.
Ralph Abernathy was one of Martin Luther King"s closest friends during the civil rights movement. His guidance can be seen in the Montgomery bus boycott and the creation and leadership of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.
Birmingham Bombing
A photo of the home of Arthur Shores' home after it was bombed.
A photo of the home of Arthur Shores' home after it was bombed.
Cafe
Photograph of cafe with separate entrances for whites and blacks.
Photograph of cafe with separate entrances for whites and blacks.
Billie Holiday
When the song “Strange Fruit” is mentioned, it is not uncommon for the name Billie Holiday to come to mind. Billie Holiday is considered one of the greatest jazz singers of all time, and yet her life was marred, much like her famous song, by despair and violence. Perhaps it was her own heartbreaking life story that helped produce her captivating and extraordinary singing style. Take a look at the life of Billie Holiday.
When the song “Strange Fruit” is mentioned, it is not uncommon for the name Billie Holiday to come to mind. Billie Holiday is considered one of the greatest jazz singers of all time, and yet her life was marred, much like her famous song, by despair and violence. Perhaps it was her own heartbreaking life story that helped produce her captivating and extraordinary singing style. Take a look at the life of Billie Holiday.
Martin Luther King Quotes
Quotes from civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. about justice, morality, and laws.
Quotes from civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. about justice, morality, and laws.
Spirituals
Read about slave spirituals, and learn how this unique form of song was an expression of slave life.
Read about slave spirituals, and learn how this unique form of song was an expression of slave life.
Thurgood Marshall
Thurgood Marshall is most known for serving as the first black United States Supreme Court Justice, but prior to his career on the bench he successfully argued civil rights cases on behalf of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
Thurgood Marshall is most known for serving as the first black United States Supreme Court Justice, but prior to his career on the bench he successfully argued civil rights cases on behalf of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
Ella Baker
Activist Ella Baker was not deterred from the male dominated civil rights movement. Although at times she worked side-by-side with such notables as Martin Luther King Jr. and Bayard Rustin, she often found that her contributions and abilities were overlooked because she was a woman. Despite this disappointing reality, Ella Baker immersed herself into the mentorship of the civil rights movement’s youth and refused to end her fight for justice until her death.
Activist Ella Baker was not deterred from the male dominated civil rights movement. Although at times she worked side-by-side with such notables as Martin Luther King Jr. and Bayard Rustin, she often found that her contributions and abilities were overlooked because she was a woman. Despite this disappointing reality, Ella Baker immersed herself into the mentorship of the civil rights movement’s youth and refused to end her fight for justice until her death.
School Integration
James Meridith and U.S. Marshalls walking to class on the campus of the University of Mississippi, October 1, 1962.
James Meridith and U.S. Marshalls walking to class on the campus of the University of Mississippi, October 1, 1962.
Coretta Scott King
After the death of her husband, Martin Luther King Jr., Coretta Scott King continued to promote his legacy of equality, peace, nonviolence, and justice. She co-founded organizations, traveled the world making speeches, and as a memorial to her husband’s legacy, she created the Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change.
After the death of her husband, Martin Luther King Jr., Coretta Scott King continued to promote his legacy of equality, peace, nonviolence, and justice. She co-founded organizations, traveled the world making speeches, and as a memorial to her husband’s legacy, she created the Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change.
Gaston Motel Bombing
A photograph of the aftermath of the bombing of the Gaston Motel.
A photograph of the aftermath of the bombing of the Gaston Motel.
Railroad Station Waiting Room
A picture of a segregated railroad station waiting room
A picture of a segregated railroad station waiting room
Mississippi Black Codes
The text of a Mississippi black code.
The text of a Mississippi black code.
Asa Philip Randolph
A. Philip Randolph, a black labor movement leader and the founder of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, believed that the key to black progress rested in the black working class. Beyond this, however, Randolph later found that defeating segregation was also an important cause. Although he was much older by this time, it failed to stop him from implementing his idea for one of the most memorable events during the civil rights movement—the March on Washington.
A. Philip Randolph, a black labor movement leader and the founder of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, believed that the key to black progress rested in the black working class. Beyond this, however, Randolph later found that defeating segregation was also an important cause. Although he was much older by this time, it failed to stop him from implementing his idea for one of the most memorable events during the civil rights movement—the March on Washington.
Selma/Montgomery Marchers
Protestors marching from Selma to Montgomery.
Protestors marching from Selma to Montgomery.
Lunch Counter Sit-In
A photo of lunch counter sit-in protestors at Woolworth in Greensboro, N.C.
A photo of lunch counter sit-in protestors at Woolworth in Greensboro, N.C.
Sojourner Truth
Sojourner Truth's fight for the abolition of slavery, women's rights, and her attempt to help former slaves has made her a legend in American history. Despite the scars of slavery and the inability to read, she became a respected public speaker and advocate for the oppressed.
Sojourner Truth's fight for the abolition of slavery, women's rights, and her attempt to help former slaves has made her a legend in American history. Despite the scars of slavery and the inability to read, she became a respected public speaker and advocate for the oppressed.
Booker T. Washington
Booker T. Washington, founder of the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, became one of the most controversial leaders of his time. At odds with W.E.B. Du Bois and other civil rights advocates, Washington was often called an accommodationist because he advocated self-help through economic means over civil and political rights.
Booker T. Washington, founder of the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, became one of the most controversial leaders of his time. At odds with W.E.B. Du Bois and other civil rights advocates, Washington was often called an accommodationist because he advocated self-help through economic means over civil and political rights.
Countee Cullen
Countee Cullen, one of the most notable poets of the Harlem Renaissance, enjoyed considerable acclaim for his early poetry. However, after attention to his work waned, he settled into life as a junior high teacher.
Countee Cullen, one of the most notable poets of the Harlem Renaissance, enjoyed considerable acclaim for his early poetry. However, after attention to his work waned, he settled into life as a junior high teacher.
Medgar Evers
Medgar Evers' work for the Mississippi NAACP did not go unnoticed. He became a well-known civil rights advocate throughout Mississippi, and it was not until he was murdered that his name became familiar to the rest of America.
Medgar Evers' work for the Mississippi NAACP did not go unnoticed. He became a well-known civil rights advocate throughout Mississippi, and it was not until he was murdered that his name became familiar to the rest of America.
Jack Johnson
Early 20th century boxer Jack Johnson was one of the few black men in history that created white anxiety about black equality. He was unafraid, his actions in and out of the ring were bold, and with the black public in his corner he achieved his greatest accomplishment. He challenged racial views about equality when he beat a white boxer and became the first black international heavyweight-boxing champion.
Early 20th century boxer Jack Johnson was one of the few black men in history that created white anxiety about black equality. He was unafraid, his actions in and out of the ring were bold, and with the black public in his corner he achieved his greatest accomplishment. He challenged racial views about equality when he beat a white boxer and became the first black international heavyweight-boxing champion.
Bessie Smith
Born into poverty and orphaned as a young child, singer Bessie Smith achieved remarkable success as a blues singer.
Born into poverty and orphaned as a young child, singer Bessie Smith achieved remarkable success as a blues singer.
Lunch Room
Photograph of lunch room where whites and blacks are served.
Photograph of lunch room where whites and blacks are served.
Women's History Month
In honor of Women’s History Month, learn about some of the notable black women in history.
In honor of Women’s History Month, learn about some of the notable black women in history.
The Classic Blues Era
Before the country blues of Blind Lemon Jefferson, Blind Blake, and Robert Johnson, it was the classic blues that was all the rage in the early 1920s. Female classic blues singers, such as Bessie Smith, Ma Rainey, and Ethel Waters, introduced a refined type of blues that was defined by its jazz sound and the clear enunciation of the singer. While the prominence of this form of blues was short, it was an important precursor to the popularity of the country blues.
Before the country blues of Blind Lemon Jefferson, Blind Blake, and Robert Johnson, it was the classic blues that was all the rage in the early 1920s. Female classic blues singers, such as Bessie Smith, Ma Rainey, and Ethel Waters, introduced a refined type of blues that was defined by its jazz sound and the clear enunciation of the singer. While the prominence of this form of blues was short, it was an important precursor to the popularity of the country blues.
grandfather clause
The enactment of grandfather clauses by some Southern states was an attempt to prevent African Americans from voting.
The enactment of grandfather clauses by some Southern states was an attempt to prevent African Americans from voting.
David Walker
For an abolitionist of the 1820s, David Walker's ideas were considered revolutionary. So when his anti-slavery Appeal was published, it sparked fear in slave owners and he became a targeted enemy. Find out about this controversial publication.
For an abolitionist of the 1820s, David Walker's ideas were considered revolutionary. So when his anti-slavery Appeal was published, it sparked fear in slave owners and he became a targeted enemy. Find out about this controversial publication.
Lunch Counter Picket
A photo of protestors picketing Woolworth's policy on segregated lunch counters.
A photo of protestors picketing Woolworth's policy on segregated lunch counters.
Mae Jemison
Dr. Mae Jemison made several accomplishments as an astronaut; among her claims to fame was becoming the first black female astronaut and the first black woman in space.
Dr. Mae Jemison made several accomplishments as an astronaut; among her claims to fame was becoming the first black female astronaut and the first black woman in space.
March on Washington
march on washington march on washington
march on washington march on washington
Arthur Ashe
Arthur Ashe was not just a Tennis Hall of Fame recipient but was also an advocate of justice, an author, and was instrumental in creating the Association of Tennis Professionals.
Arthur Ashe was not just a Tennis Hall of Fame recipient but was also an advocate of justice, an author, and was instrumental in creating the Association of Tennis Professionals.
Whipping
An image of a lady whipping a slave girl.
An image of a lady whipping a slave girl.
Voting Rights - NYC
Photo of marchers carrying banner "We march with Selma" in Harlem, New York City, New York, March 1965.
Photo of marchers carrying banner "We march with Selma" in Harlem, New York City, New York, March 1965.
Louis Armstrong
Born into poverty to a mother who worked as a washerwoman and a prostitute, it seemed as if Louis Armstrong was destined to live a hard life. However, from the time that Armstrong first picked up the cornet as a child, it was evident to those listening that he would defy the odds. Evolving from playing cornet to playing trumpet and singing, Armstrong established himself as an influential and great jazz musician.
Born into poverty to a mother who worked as a washerwoman and a prostitute, it seemed as if Louis Armstrong was destined to live a hard life. However, from the time that Armstrong first picked up the cornet as a child, it was evident to those listening that he would defy the odds. Evolving from playing cornet to playing trumpet and singing, Armstrong established himself as an influential and great jazz musician.
Slave Auction, VA
An image of a Virginia slave auction.
An image of a Virginia slave auction.
Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
The text of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850.
The text of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850.
Protest at the 1968 Olympics
At the 1968 Olympic games medal ceremony for track and field, American medalists Tommie Smith and John Carlos boldly bowed their heads and raised their gloved fists in the black power salute as the American flag was raised and the anthem was played. These actions sparked widespread controversy and brought to the attention of the world the dissatisfaction of blacks with inequality in America.
At the 1968 Olympic games medal ceremony for track and field, American medalists Tommie Smith and John Carlos boldly bowed their heads and raised their gloved fists in the black power salute as the American flag was raised and the anthem was played. These actions sparked widespread controversy and brought to the attention of the world the dissatisfaction of blacks with inequality in America.
Stokely Carmichael
Seeking a more radical direction for the civil rights movement, activist Stokely Carmichael popularized the term "black power," advocated black unity, and promoted a more militant stance than Martin Luther King’s nonviolent resistance.
Seeking a more radical direction for the civil rights movement, activist Stokely Carmichael popularized the term "black power," advocated black unity, and promoted a more militant stance than Martin Luther King’s nonviolent resistance.
MLK & Malcolm X
A photo of Martin Luther King and Malcolm X.
A photo of Martin Luther King and Malcolm X.
CORE & SNCC Protestors
Photo of CORE and SNCC members chained to a New York City federal courthouse in protest of civil rights abuses in Jackson, Mississippi, 1965.
Photo of CORE and SNCC members chained to a New York City federal courthouse in protest of civil rights abuses in Jackson, Mississippi, 1965.
Courthouse Drinking Fountain
Photograph of a courthouse drinking fountain for African Americans.
Photograph of a courthouse drinking fountain for African Americans.
Maria Stewart
At a time when American society relegated women to the domestic sphere, Maria W. Stewart immersed herself into the position of a public political activist. While her career in the public sphere was short, the effect of her presence could be seen as other women activists soon followed in the footsteps of the woman who became America's first black woman political writer.
At a time when American society relegated women to the domestic sphere, Maria W. Stewart immersed herself into the position of a public political activist. While her career in the public sphere was short, the effect of her presence could be seen as other women activists soon followed in the footsteps of the woman who became America's first black woman political writer.
Edmund Pettus Bridge
A photo of marchers walking across the Edmund Pettus Bridge in protest of voting rights.
A photo of marchers walking across the Edmund Pettus Bridge in protest of voting rights.
Thomas Jefferson on Slavery
Read the text of Thomas Jefferson's views on slavery.
Read the text of Thomas Jefferson's views on slavery.
Garrett Morgan
Inventor Garrett Morgan started his career out as a sewing machine adjuster, but his creativity and intelligence led him on a new path. Among his numerous ideas, Morgan invented the gas mask and the traffic signal, two indispensable inventions that have both saved lives and made life safer.
Inventor Garrett Morgan started his career out as a sewing machine adjuster, but his creativity and intelligence led him on a new path. Among his numerous ideas, Morgan invented the gas mask and the traffic signal, two indispensable inventions that have both saved lives and made life safer.
Fugitive Slave Act
A condemnation of the Fugitive Slave Act.
A condemnation of the Fugitive Slave Act.
This Day in African American History - Calendar
This Day in African American History Highlights of important events in African American history. January
This Day in African American History Highlights of important events in African American history. January
March on Washington - Sign
march on washington march on washington
march on washington march on washington
Street Car Terminal
Photograph at a water cooler in a street car terminal.
Photograph at a water cooler in a street car terminal.
Billard Hall
A photo of a black billard hall.
A photo of a black billard hall.
Bill Cosby
Comedian and Emmy Award winner Bill Cosby has become one of America’s most successful performers. He has a unique comic style that is not just family friendly but also highly entertaining. Cosby, however, is more than a comedian: he is an author and has most recently begun speaking out against destructive behaviors in the African American community.
Comedian and Emmy Award winner Bill Cosby has become one of America’s most successful performers. He has a unique comic style that is not just family friendly but also highly entertaining. Cosby, however, is more than a comedian: he is an author and has most recently begun speaking out against destructive behaviors in the African American community.
The Country Blues
Early blues singers, such as Blind Lemon Jefferson and Blind Blake, led the way when it came to the early recordings of the country blues. It was the popularity of these artists that hastened the recordings of other country singers, and suddenly “race records” became big money makers for record companies. The high point in the careers of most of these singers was short-lived: when the Great Depression hit, many country blues artists disappeared.
Early blues singers, such as Blind Lemon Jefferson and Blind Blake, led the way when it came to the early recordings of the country blues. It was the popularity of these artists that hastened the recordings of other country singers, and suddenly “race records” became big money makers for record companies. The high point in the careers of most of these singers was short-lived: when the Great Depression hit, many country blues artists disappeared.
Theater Sign
Photograph of a theater entrance for African Americans.
Photograph of a theater entrance for African Americans.
Exclusive Black Theater
Photo of a exclusive black theater sign.
Photo of a exclusive black theater sign.
Photograph Index for John Brown
John Brown photograph index.
John Brown photograph index.
Freedom Summer Project
Literacy test, poll taxes, and intimidation were just some of the methods used in the South to prevent African Americans from voting or registering to vote. In response, the project Freedom Summer set out to register voters and to bring national attention to black disenfranchisement. After three volunteers were killed, the nation quickly learned about the discriminatory practices taking place in the South.
Literacy test, poll taxes, and intimidation were just some of the methods used in the South to prevent African Americans from voting or registering to vote. In response, the project Freedom Summer set out to register voters and to bring national attention to black disenfranchisement. After three volunteers were killed, the nation quickly learned about the discriminatory practices taking place in the South.
Punishment & Torture Device
An image of a punishment and torture device used on slaves.
An image of a punishment and torture device used on slaves.
The Orangeburg Massacre
What had started out as a protest for the desegregation of Orangeburg's only bowling alley, turned into what became known as the Orangeburg Massacre. When it was all over, three protestors were dead and 27 had been injured.
What had started out as a protest for the desegregation of Orangeburg's only bowling alley, turned into what became known as the Orangeburg Massacre. When it was all over, three protestors were dead and 27 had been injured.
Underground Railroad
An image of slaves escaping from bondage.
An image of slaves escaping from bondage.
March on Washington - Leaders
A photo of leaders marching at the March on Washington.
A photo of leaders marching at the March on Washington.
Marcus Garvey
Jamaican born nationalist leader Marcus Garvey quickly rose in popularity during the World War I era. As quick as his rise in prominence, however, without the support of his ideology from other black leaders, his popularity was brief.
Jamaican born nationalist leader Marcus Garvey quickly rose in popularity during the World War I era. As quick as his rise in prominence, however, without the support of his ideology from other black leaders, his popularity was brief.
Frederick Douglass Quotes
Quotes from Frederick Douglass.
Quotes from Frederick Douglass.
Booker T. Washington Quotes
Quotes from founder of the Tuskegee Institute, Booker T. Washington.
Quotes from founder of the Tuskegee Institute, Booker T. Washington.
Slave Auction
An image of a slave auction.
An image of a slave auction.
Louisiana Black Codes
Read the text of a Louisiana black code.
Read the text of a Louisiana black code.
Ida B. Wells-Barnett
Ida Bell Wells-Barnett is most well known for her crusade against lynching, but she also fought against Jim Crow Laws and for women's suffrage.
Ida Bell Wells-Barnett is most well known for her crusade against lynching, but she also fought against Jim Crow Laws and for women's suffrage.
Jessie Redmon Fauset
Harlem Renaissance writer Jessie Redmon Fauset's career was short, but it was one that produced several notable novels.
Harlem Renaissance writer Jessie Redmon Fauset's career was short, but it was one that produced several notable novels.
James Weldon Johnson
Not just an influential and notable novelist, poet, and songwriter, James Weldon Johnson was a lawyer, a United States consul in a foreign nation, and served an important role in combating racism through his position in the NAACP.
Not just an influential and notable novelist, poet, and songwriter, James Weldon Johnson was a lawyer, a United States consul in a foreign nation, and served an important role in combating racism through his position in the NAACP.
The Birmingham Campaign
In 1963, Birmingham, Alabama was a hotbed of racial tension. So when Martin Luther King decided to challenge segregation, it became an intense battle. Out of this protest came King’s famous “Letter from Birmingham Jail” and the appalling images of dog bitten and fire hosed teenage protestors. Today, the remembrance of the struggle in Birmingham is a powerful reminder of the kind of violence that civil rights activists often faced.
In 1963, Birmingham, Alabama was a hotbed of racial tension. So when Martin Luther King decided to challenge segregation, it became an intense battle. Out of this protest came King’s famous “Letter from Birmingham Jail” and the appalling images of dog bitten and fire hosed teenage protestors. Today, the remembrance of the struggle in Birmingham is a powerful reminder of the kind of violence that civil rights activists often faced.
W.E.B. Du Bois
Considered one of the most influential black intellectuals of the 20th century, W.E.B. Du Bois encouraged intellectual development, economic independence, and helped found the NAACP. In his early career he experienced great success, but as his views moved toward Black Nationalism and socialism support for his ideas waned. By the end of his life he had renounced his United States citizenship and moved to Ghana.
Considered one of the most influential black intellectuals of the 20th century, W.E.B. Du Bois encouraged intellectual development, economic independence, and helped found the NAACP. In his early career he experienced great success, but as his views moved toward Black Nationalism and socialism support for his ideas waned. By the end of his life he had renounced his United States citizenship and moved to Ghana.
Elijah McCoy
While the name Elijah McCoy may not be well-known, most have heard the popular American phrase, "Is it the real McCoy?" However, few people realize that the phrase first referred to an automatic lubricating device invented by Elijah McCoy. After McCoy's invention, people inspecting machinery would often ask this question, which became known as meaning perfection, high quality, or authentic.
While the name Elijah McCoy may not be well-known, most have heard the popular American phrase, "Is it the real McCoy?" However, few people realize that the phrase first referred to an automatic lubricating device invented by Elijah McCoy. After McCoy's invention, people inspecting machinery would often ask this question, which became known as meaning perfection, high quality, or authentic.
Slave Quarters
A photograph of slave quarters in South Carolina.
A photograph of slave quarters in South Carolina.
Rosa Parks Quotes
Selected quotes from "the mother of the Civil Rights Movement," Rosa Parks.
Selected quotes from "the mother of the Civil Rights Movement," Rosa Parks.
March on Washington - Women
A photo of women marchers at the March on Washington.
A photo of women marchers at the March on Washington.
Dorothy Dandridge
At a time in the movie industry when roles for black actresses were scarce, Dorothy Dandridge achieved what no other black actress had done: she received an Academy Award nomination for best actress for her starring role in [i]Carmen Jones[/i]. Nevertheless, while her career looked promising, Dandridge fell into difficult times that were plagued by financial hardship, a failing career, and troubled relationships.
At a time in the movie industry when roles for black actresses were scarce, Dorothy Dandridge achieved what no other black actress had done: she received an Academy Award nomination for best actress for her starring role in [i]Carmen Jones[/i]. Nevertheless, while her career looked promising, Dandridge fell into difficult times that were plagued by financial hardship, a failing career, and troubled relationships.
Inspection of Slave
An image of a white man inspecting a black slave.
An image of a white man inspecting a black slave.